Avaliação da profundidade da cárie proximal nos exames radiográfico convencional e digitalizado / Evaluation of the size of proximal caries in radiography and digitized

Introdução: A cárie dentária é uma doença multifatorial que compreende vários fatores biológicos e sociais. A superfície proximal dos dentes é uma região de difícil visualização que pode esconder pequenas lesões cariosas no esmalte dentário, impossibilitando o diagnóstico através de inspeções visuais e táteis. Objetivo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a profundidade da cárie proximal nos exames radiográficos convencionais e digitais, comparando as profundidades das lesões consideradas nestes exames às do exame histológico. Método: Foram utilizados exames radiográficos interproximais de 40 dentes humanos, 20 pré-molares e 20 molares, com alterações clínicas em uma das superfícies proximais, como lesões de mancha branca ou acastanhada e pequenas cavitações. Três profissionais especializados em radiologia odontológica com mais de cinco anos de experiência clínica mediram a profundidade das lesões pelos exames radiográfico e digital das amostras. Para obter os resultados, utilizou-se a técnica de análise de variância (ANOVA). Resultados: Constatou-se um nível de significância de 5% nas mensurações dos exames radiográficos convencionais e digitalizados, mostrando a fidelidade das imagens radiográficas em relação a real profundidade da lesão. Conclusão: Conclui-se que os exames de imagem avaliados foram eficientes na determinação da profundidade das lesões de cárie proximal.

Introduction: Dental caries is a multifactorial disease that comprises several biological and social factors. The proximal surface of the teeth is a region of difficult visualization that can hide small carious lesions in the dental enamel, making diagnosis through visual and tactile inspection infeasible. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the depth of proximal caries in the conventional and digitized radiographic examinations, comparing the depths of the lesions considered in these examinations to those of the histological examination. Method: Interproximal radiographic examinations of 40 human teeth, 20 premolars and 20 molars, with clinical alterations on one of the proximal surfaces, such as white or brown spot lesions and small cavitations, were used. Three professionals specialized in dental radiology with more than five years of clinical experience measured the depth of the lesions by radiographic examination of the samples. To obtain the results, we used the technique of analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: A level of significance of 5% was found in conventional and digitized radiographic measurements, showing the fidelity of the radiographic images in relation to the actual depth of the lesion. Conclusion: It was concluded that the imaging tests evaluated were efficient in determining the depth of proximal caries lesions.

Comparison Between Radiographs, White and Fluorescent Images in the Diagnosis and Treatment Decisions for Occlusal Caries: An Ex Vivo Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the agreement of images in white light (WL), fluorescence (FL), and digital radiographs (DR), on the diagnosis and treatment decisions for occlusal caries lesions against a micro-CT gold standard. Material and Methods: Ten extracted third molars, with enamel and/or dentin caries (ICDAS 2-4), were included. Occlusal surface images were acquired with an intraoral camera (SoproLife®) in WL and FL modes. DR was obtained using an intraoral X-ray and a semi-direct digital system. A total of 780 images were needed, organized in a template, to be later examined by twenty-six dentists invited to compose the study. The Generalized Estimation Equations model was used to compare the proportions of the correct answers between the three methods and the gold standard. When significant, Bonferroni post-hoc test was used to identify differences (α=5%). Results: Most of the examiners were specialists (76.9%) with 14.5 years of experience. All diagnostic methods were similar and showed low agreement (DR 12.7%, WL 16.5%, and FL 16.5%) compared with gold standard caries diagnostic scores. Regarding treatment decisions, mean agreement for all diagnostic methods was higher (43.2%; p<0.001), and among all methods, WL (48.1%) and FL (51.2%) modes performed better than DR (30.4%, p<0.001). Conclusion: SoproLife® images could help clinicians to propose rational, minimally invasive treatments for occlusal caries lesions.

Salud bucal en pacientes con enfermedades reumáticas / Oral health in patients with rheumatic diseases

Introducción: La salud bucal es uno de los factores que pueden influir negativamente en el control de las enfermedades reumáticas; los procesos inflamatorios e infecciosos constituyen las principales alteraciones de la salud bucal en estos pacientes. Objetivo: Evaluar la salud bucal de los pacientes con enfermedades reumáticas. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación básica, no experimental y descriptiva de un universo de 136 pacientes con enfermedades reumáticas atendidos en el Hospital General Andino de Chimborazo durante el periodo diciembre de 2021 a abril de 2022. A cada uno de ellos se le realizó un examen bucal general para identificar las alteraciones de la salud bucal presentes en cada caso. Se estudiaron las variables características generales de los pacientes (edad, sexo, enfermedad reumática y tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad) y la variable salud bucal (presencia de afecciones bucales, tipo de afección bucal, frecuencia de asistencia a controles odontológicos y nivel de salud bucal). Resultados: Promedio de edad de 51,23 años, predominio de pacientes femeninas (78,68 por ciento), con diagnóstico de artritis reumatoide (77,20 por ciento) y tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad reumática inferior a 5 años (44,12 por ciento). El 72,80 por ciento de los pacientes presentó al menos una enfermedad bucal. La adentia parcial o total (61,62 por ciento) y la presencia de caries dentales (52,52 por ciento) fueron las de mayor frecuencia. El 30,88 por ciento de los pacientes solo acudió a control odontológico ante la presencia de dolor y en el 71,32 por ciento se consideró la salud bucal como inadecuada. Conclusiones: Se identificó un elevado porcentaje de pacientes con enfermedad reumática y al menos una afección bucal. Existió predominio de pacientes que solo acuden a consulta odontológica ante la presencia de una urgencia o emergencia. La salud bucal de los pacientes es inadecuada(AU)

Introduction: Oral health has been identified as one of the factors that can negatively influence the control of chronic diseases such as rheumatic diseases; Inflammatory and infectious processes constitute the main alterations of oral health in patients with this type of disease. Objective: To evaluate the oral health of patients with rheumatic diseases treated at the Hospital General Andino de Chimborazo. Methods: A basic, non-experimental and descriptive research was carried out with a universe of 169 patients with rheumatic diseases treated at the Andean General Hospital of Chimborazo during the period December 2021 - April 2022. The sample was made up of 136 patients who met the inclusion criteria defined for the research. Each of them underwent a general oral examination to identify the oral health alterations present in each case. Results: Average age of 51.23 years, predominance of female patients (78.68 percent), diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (77.20 percent) and evolution time of rheumatic disease less than 5 years (44.12 percent). 72.80 percent of the patients presented at least one oral disease. Partial or total adentia (61.62 percent) and the presence of dental caries (52.52 percent) were the most frequently identified. 30.88 percent of patients only go to dental control in the presence of pain and in 71.32 percent oral health was considered inadequate. Conclusions: A high percentage of patients with rheumatic disease who presented at least one oral condition was identified. There was a predominance of patients who only attend a dental consultation in the presence of an urgency or emergency. The oral health of the patients is inadequate(AU)

Impact of the undergraduate clinical teaching-learning process on caries detection and treatment decision-making

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate caries diagnosis and treatment decisions made by undergraduate dental students based on ICDAS or Nyvad criteria. Methods: Twelve students analyzed 90 digital photographs of permanent teeth at different clinical stages of carious lesion development and chose among different treatments in three different assessments: when there was no knowledge of the criteria (described as "No knowledge (N)"; when there was theoretical knowledge of the criteria (described as "Theoretical knowledge (T)" and when there was theoretical knowledge, clinical experience about dental caries and the criteria (described as "Theoretical and clinical knowledge (TC)". For "T" and "TC" the students were randomized into two experimental groups ­ ICDAS or Nyvad (experimental units: 6 students/group). The reference standard was established cooperatively by two experienced researchers. Criteria performance was evaluated by sensitivity, specificity, AUC, and Kappa statistics. Treatment decision was described in percentage by contingency tables and Spearman's correlation with the reference standard. Results: The first assessment demonstrated a high percentage of operative treatment even for initial enamel lesions based on ICDAS criteria and treatment was proposed for both active and inactive lesions, according to the Nyvad criteria. In the second assessment, the students continued recommending treatments for initial or inactive lesions, but less frequently. In the third assessment, treatment decisions presented greater cohesion in relation to the assigned classification criterion. The criteria presented no differences between them in terms of diagnostic in the third assessment. Conclusion: Clinical experience may improve caries detection and treatment decisions with the use of ICDAS and Nyvad criteria

Cárie dentária: considerações clínicas e radiográficas para seu diagnóstico / Dental caries: clinical and radiographic considerations for diagnosis

Introdução: O diagnóstico correto da cárie dentária é fundamental para o estabelecimento do seu tratamento. Ele pode ser realizado por diferentes métodos, os mais comuns são por meio da inspeção visual e do exame radiográfico. Objetivo: Discutir, a partir de uma revi-são de literatura, o diagnóstico clínico-radiográficoda doença cárie e a sua importância na instituição do tratamento correto para tal doença. Materiais e métodos: oi realizada uma revisão da literatura nas bases de dados eletrônicos: PubMed, BVS e Scielo, através do ras-treio de artigos relevantes publicados no período de Janeiro de 2015 à Junho 2020. Foram incluídos ainda na bibliografia selecionada 2 livros e 1 tese de doutorado, que fazem consi-derações relevantes sobre o assunto estudado. Resultados: Na inspeção visual, a apresen-tação da superfície dentária é bastante importante na determinação da atividade da lesão de cárie, devem ser considerados o aspecto, o brilho e a coloração da superfície dental para tal determinação. A radiografia é um complemento usado para auxiliar no diagnóstico forne-cendo mais visibilidade e detecção das lesões cariosas permitindo melhor visualização das superfícies proximais em dentes posteriores, auxiliando no diagnóstico das lesões nessas superfícies. Conclusão: O diagnóstico correto exige bastante conhecimento do examina-dor, pois manchas opacas presentes no esmalte nem sempre são lesões cariosas e podem refletir uma perda de mineral na estrutura desse tecido que se desenvolveu por diferentes causas, sendo elas pré ou pós-eruptivas. O diagnóstico precoce e preciso da cárie dentária é fundamental, pois essa doença ainda é a principal causa de perda dentária.

Introduction:The correct diagnosis of dental caries is fundamental for the establishment of its treatment. It can be carried out by different methods and the most common is through visual inspection and radiographic examination.Objective:to discuss, based on a litera-ture review, the clinical and radiographic diagnosis of caries disease and its importance in establishing the correct treatment for this disease.Materials and methods:a literature review was carried out on the electronic databases: PubMed, BVS and Scielo, by a search of relevant articles published from January 2015 to June 2020. Also, 2 books and 1 PhD thesis were included in the selected bibliography, since they bring relevant considerations on the subject studied.Results:In the visual inspection, the presentation of the dental sur-face is very important in determining the activity of the caries lesion, the aspect, the bri-ghtness, and the coloring of the dental surface must be considered for such determination. Radiography is a complement used to assist in diagnosis by providing more visibility and detection of carious lesions, allowing a better visualization of proximal surfaces in poste-rior teeth, helping in the diagnosis of lesions on these surfaces.Conclusion:The correct diagnosis requires a lot of knowledge from the examiner because opaque stains present in the enamel are not always carious lesions and can reflect a loss of mineral in the structure of this tissue that has developed for different causes, whether pre- or post-eruptive. Early and accurate diagnosis of tooth decay is essential, as this disease is still the main cause of tooth loss.

Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of cone beam computed tomography and three intraoral radiographic systems in the diagnosis of carious lesions in vitro / Comparación de la precisión diagnóstica de la tomografía computarizada de haz cónico y tres sistemas radiográficos intraorales en la detección de lesiones de caries in vitro

Objective: The objective of the study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of cone beam computed tomography and three intraoral radiographic systems in the detection of in vitro caries lesions. Material and Methods: One hundred teeth (46 molars and 54 premolars) were evaluated, including 176 proximal surfaces and 90 occlusal surfaces, with or without dental caries lesions. Digital images of all teeth were obtained using specific intraoral radiographs, VistaScan DürrDental®phosphor-plate radiography, XIOS XG Sirona® digital sensor radiography, and CBCT I-CATTM. Observers evaluated the images for the detection of caries lesions. The teeth were clinically sectioned and stereomicroscopy served as a validation tool. The relationship of sensitivity and specificity between all systems was determined through the ROC curve using Az values. Results: The values of the area under the curve (Az) selected for the CBCT I-CATTM system were 0.89 (0.84-0.93), for conventional radiography 0.71 (0.66-0.76), digital sensor radiography 0.74 (0.70-0.78) and digital radiography with phosphor-plates 0.73 (0.69-0.77). Statistically significant differences were found between the CBCT I-CATTM system and intraoral radiographic systems (p<0.01). The sensitivity and specificity values for the CBCT I-CATTM were 0.84 and 0.93 respectively. Conclusion: CBCT has a high sensitivity and specificity compared to intraoral radiographic systems for the diagnosis of dental caries lesions in vitro.

Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue comparar la precisión diagnóstica de la tomografía computarizada de haz cónico y tres sistemas radiográficos intraorales en la detección de lesiones de caries in vitro. Material y Métodos: Se evaluaron 100 dientes, 46 molares y 54 premolares; 176 superficies proximales y 90 superficies oclusales, con o sin lesión de caries dental. Se obtuvieron imágenes digitales de todos los dientes utilizando radiografías intraorales convencionales, radiografía con placas de fósforo VistaScan DürrDental®, radiografía con sensor digital XIOS XG Sirona® y CBCT I- C ATTM. Tres observadores evaluaron las imágenes para la detección de lesiones de caries. Los dientes se seccionaron clínicamente y la estereomicroscopía sirvió como herramienta de validación. Se determinó relación de sensibilidad y especificidad entre todos los sistemas a través de la curva ROC utilizando valores Az. Resultados: Los valores de área debajo de la curva (Az) obtenidos para el sistema CBCT I-CATTM fueron de 0.89 (0.84-0.93), para radiografía convencional 0.71 (0.66-0.76), radiografía con sensor digital 0.74 (0.70-0.78) y radiografía digital con placas de fósforo 0.73 (0.69-0.77). Se encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre el sistema CBCT I-CATTM y todos los sistemas radiográficos convencionales y digitales (p<0.01). Los valores de sensibilidad y especificidad para el CBCT I-CATTM fueron 0.84 y 0.93 respectivamente. Conclusión: La CBCT tiene una alta sensibilidad y especificidad en comparación a los sistemas radiográficos intraorales en el diagnóstico de lesiones de caries dental in vitro.

Especificidad y Sensibilidad de Sistema ICDAS TM versus Índice COPD en la Detección de Caries / Specificity and Sensitivity of the ICDAS TM System versus the DMFT Index in Caries Detection

RESUMEN: La caries dental no tratada es la enfermedad crónica más frecuente en adultos y la caries no tratada en dientes temporales es la décima enfermedad crónica más frecuente. En Chile los adultos presentan un COPD promedio entre 3,76 - 22,16, pero los estudios no son en población representativa y no existen estudios comparativos entre ceod/ COPD e ICDASTM. A nivel mundial, su prevalencia puede alcanzar el 100 % de la población estudiada. Se buscará evaluar si existen diferencias en la sensibilidad y especificidad en la detección de caries utilizando ICDASTM y ceod/COPD. Se realizó una revisión sistemática cualitativa realizando una búsqueda sobre los índices de caries ceod/COPD y sistema ICDASTM, tanto en Chile como a nivel mundial, en las bases de datos Medline, ClinicalKey y SciELO encontrando 3.581, de ellos, 21 se leyeron por completo y 14 cumplieron nuestros criterios. La sensibilidad y especificidad es mayor con ICDASTM que con el índice ceod/COPD y entrega hasta un 43 % más información al detectar lesiones no cavitadas, pero necesita de mayor tiempo para su realización y más recursos al utilizar luz, aire comprimido y una profilaxis previa al examen. Capacitaciones previas, conocimientos y experiencia en ICDASTM son fundamentales para el mejor resultado, estudios demostraron que mientras mayor experiencia, la sensibilidad y especificidad aumentaba a diferencia del índice ceod/COPD. Se deben realizar más estudios comparativos entre ambos índices e incluir ICDASTM en niños por su capacidad de detectar lesiones no cavitadas las cuales son las más prevalentes en dientes temporales.

ABSTRACT: Untreated dental caries is the most frequent chronic disease in adults and untreated caries in primary teeth is the tenth most frequent chronic disease. In Chile, adults have an average DMFT between 3.76-22.16, but the studies are not in a representative population and there are no comparative studies between dmft/DMFT and ICDASTM. Worldwide, its prevalence can reach 100 % of the population studied. The objective of the study was to evaluate if there are differences in the sensitivity and specificity in the detection of caries using ICDASTM and dmft/DMFT. A qualitative systematic review was done, carrying out a search on the dmft/DMFT index and the ICDASTM system, both in Chile and worldwide, in the Medline, ClinicalKey and SciELO databases, finding 3,581, of which, 21 were read completely and 14 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The sensitivity and specificity is greater with ICDASTM than with the dmft/DMFT index and delivers up to 43 % more information when detecting non-cavitated lesions, but it needs more time for its realization and more resources because it needs to use light, compressed air and prophylaxis before the examination. Previous training, knowledge and experience in ICDASTM are fundamental for the best results. Studies showed that the greater the experience, the sensitivity and specificity increased, unlike the dmft/DMFT index. More comparative studies should be conducted between both indexes and include ICDASTM in children for their ability to detect non-cavitated lesions, which are the most prevalent in temporary teeth.

Diagnóstico terapéutico para la atención de pacientes con caries dental / Therapeutic diagnosis for the care of patients with dental caries

La caries dental es tan antigua como la humanidad misma, es considerada por la Organización Mundial de la Salud como el primer problema de salud bucal, su incremento se ha asociado al desarrollo social y a las variaciones en los hábitos dietéticos de las poblaciones. En estudios realizados en los últimos años, se ha determinado una tendencia a la disminución de esta enfermedad. El problema fundamental en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la caries dental es la decisión de cuándo y cómo obturar un diente afectado por caries. El objetivo primario es ampliar la visión sobre las posibilidades terapéuticas y profundizar en los conocimientos teóricos y prácticos sobre los tratamientos preventivos, curativos no invasivos e invasivos utilizados contra la caries dental. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de textos impresos y búsqueda en internet sobre caries dental, frecuencia y conducta adecuada por parte los estomatólogos generales. Se concluye que todo estomatólogo general, debe conocer la importancia de la promoción y la prevención permanente en los pacientes para evitar las caries dentales, así como las indicaciones, técnica de empleo y los requisitos para aplicar en la práctica diaria, los materiales restaurativos(AU)

Dental caries is as old as human race, it is considered by the World Health Organization as the first oral health problem, its increase has been associated with social development and variations in dietary habits of populations. In studies carried out in recent years, a tendency to decrease this disease has been determined. The fundamental problem in the diagnosis and treatment of dental caries is the decision of when and how to seal a tooth affected by caries. The primary objective is to broaden the vision of the therapeutic possibilities and to deepen the theoretical and practical knowledge about preventive, non-invasive and invasive curative treatments used against dental caries. A literature review of printed texts and internet search on dental caries, frequency and appropriate behavior of general stomatologists was carried out. It is concluded that every general stomatologist should know the importance of the promotion and permanent prevention in patients to avoid tooth decay, as well as the indications, technique of use and requirements to apply restorative materials in daily practice.

A randomized clinical trial of cavity liners after selective caries removal: one-year follow-up

Abstract Alternatives for the treatment of caries disease, such as minimally invasive approaches, have been developed in recent years. Objective: To carry out clinical and radiographic evaluations of three cavity liners after selective caries removal. Methodology: Thirty-six primary molars with deep occlusal caries lesions without pulp involvement (from children of both genders, aged between 5 and 8 years) were randomly divided into the following groups: calcium hydroxide cement (CHC) group; mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) group and Portland cement with added zirconium oxide (PCZ) group. The following-up period was 6- and 12-month. The clinical and radiographic success rates were evaluated through chi-square test. The radiographic measurements were compared by ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (p<0.05). Results: Thirty-six patients were included, but thirty-four returned for 12-month follow-up. The overall success rate of the therapy for the three groups was 94.11% and no statistically significant differences occurred in the comparison among groups (p>0.05). Nineteen radiographs were selected to measure the dentin barrier thickness. The intragroup comparison presented a statistically significant increase of the dentin barrier for all groups, at 12-month follow-up. However, the MTA group showed increase of the dentin barrier, over time, 6- to 12-month follow-up. The intergroup comparison revealed no statistically significant differences (p>0.05). Conclusion: The clinical and radiographic data showed that all cavity liners provided effective treatment of primary teeth after selective caries removal.

Iodoform Vs Calcium Hydroxide/Zinc Oxide based pastes: 12-month findings of a Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract This study evaluated clinical and radiographic twelve-month outcomes of root canal treatments (CT) with smear layer removal, performed in primary teeth, using two different root canal filling materials. Pulpectomy was performed on 27 primary teeth with necrosis or irreversible pulpitis, caused by dental caries or trauma, in 23 children (2-7 years old). A single trained operator performed the CT in a single visit in cases without periapical or interradicular radiolucency (PIR) or in multiple visits in cases with PIR. Participants were selected based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, and randomly allocated into two groups: Group 1 (G1) - iodoform paste (iodoform + camphorated parachlorophenol + ointment comprising prednisolone acetate 5.0 mg and rifamycin 1.5 mg); Group 2 (G2) - Calen®/ZO paste. Treated teeth were restored with composite resin immediately after the root canal filling. The outcomes were evaluated clinically and radiographically according to specific criteria. Two blinded and standardized evaluators assessed the radiographic outcomes. We used descriptive analyses due to the small sample size. CTs were performed due to caries lesions in 70.4% of the cases and due to trauma in 29.6%. Only one tooth of G1 was unsuccessful; hence, pulpectomy performance in both groups was not influenced by the filling material, nor by any other analyzed variable. The level of the root canal filling was better in the Calen®/ZO group. The clinical and radiographic twelve-month outcomes indicated successful treatment, independently of the root filling material used.

Recursos actuales en el diagnóstico de caries / Current resources in caries diagnosis

Uno de los grandes problemas en la Odontología y en particular en aquellos asociados con el manejo de la caries dental es la detección y el diagnóstico preciso o acertado de las lesiones de caries, principalmente, de aquellas lesiones más incipientes. Actualmente, así como se ha ido presentando una mayor comprensión y entendimiento del desarrollo de las lesiones de la caries dental, también se han generado nuevas posibilidades de efectuar un mejor manejo de estas lesiones en forma individual y en general, a la disminución del riesgo de caries de cada paciente en forma más particular. Esto ha permitido la creación de lo que se puede considerar como un nuevo paradigma basado en los recursos actuales, no sólo en el diagnóstico de las lesiones de caries sino en especial, al manejo de la caries dental como enfermedad (AU)

One of the great problems in Dentistry and especially in those associated with the management of dental caries is the detection and the precise or accurate diagnosis of the caries lesions, particularly of the most incipient lesions. Actually, to our date, it has been shown a better comprehension and understanding on the development of the dental caries lesions that has generated also, the possibilities to perform a better management of these lesions individually, and in general, to decrease the caries risk in each patient in a particular form. All this has created what can be considered as: a new paradigm based in the current resources not only on the diagnosis of the caries lesions, but specially, on the management of dental caries as a disease (AU)

Supervivencia de restauraciones adhesivas en cavidades preparadas con dos técnicas de remoción de caries / Survival of adhesive restorations in cavities prepared with two caries removal techniques

Objetivo: evaluar la supervivencia de las restauraciones adhesivas sobre cavidades preparadas con remoción parcial de caries o remoción total de caries. Métodos: se planteó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, doble ciego. La muestra estuvo constituida por 107 piezas dentarias de 32 niños de 4 a 8 años de edad, que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y exclusión previamente determinados, con cavidades profundas que abarcaban una o dos superficies dentales, las cuales fueron tratadas mediante remoción parcial de caries o remoción total de caries. Las evaluaciones fueron realizadas cada 6 meses durante 2 años, desde el punto de vista radiográfico y clínico. De manera complementaria los menores y sus responsables recibieron motivación, capacitación, acompañamiento y dispositivos de aseo bucal de forma permanente. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos a análisis estadístico de supervivencia de Kaplan-Meier y para la diferencia de tratamientos se utilizó la prueba Log Rank. Se realizó un análisis con tabla de supervivencia incluyendo los dos tratamientos a los 6, 12, 18 y 24 meses. Resultados: no se encontró diferencia significativa entre las técnicas de remoción total y parcial de caries (p= 0,61). El análisis mostró que los porcentajes de supervivencia fueron de 95 por ciento a los 6 meses, 88 por ciento a los 12 meses, 81 por ciento a los 18 meses y 55 por ciento a los 24 meses. Conclusiones: la utilización de remoción parcial o total de caries para la preparación de cavidades demostró no tener diferencias significativas. Para futuros estudios en los que se analice la supervivencia de las restauraciones se deberá considerar una pérdida de participantes del 30 por ciento(AU)

Objective: Evaluate the survival of adhesive restorations in cavities prepared with partial or total caries removal. Methods: A randomized double-blind clinical trial was conducted. The sample was composed of 107 teeth of 32 children aged 4-8 years who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria set for the trial. These children had deep cavities that covered one or two dental surfaces, which were treated by partial or total caries removal. Radiographic and clinical evaluations were performed every six months for two years. The children involved in the trial and the adults in charge of them also received motivation sessions, training, support and oral hygiene devices on a permanent basis. The data obtained were subjected to Kaplan-Meier survival statistical analysis, and the Log Rank test was used to determine the difference between the treatments. Survival table analysis was performed which included the two treatments at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. Results: No significant difference was found between total and partial caries removal techniques (p= 0.61). Survival percentages were found to be 95 percent at 6 months, 88 percent at 12 months, 81 prcent at 18 months and 55 prcent at 24 months. Conclusions: No significant difference was found between the use of partial and total caries removal for cavity preparation. Further studies about restoration survival should consider a 30 percent dropout rate(AU)

Diagnostic accuracy of a charge-coupled device and a photostimulable phosphor plate in detection of non-cavitated proximal caries

Objective: the aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of two direct digital radiography systems: the charge-coupled device (CCD) XIOS XG Sirona and the photostimulable storage phosphor (PSP) VistaScan DürrDental, in the detection of non-cavitated proximal caries lesions. materials and methods: in this experimental and cross-sectional study 112 proximal surfaces from 27 molars and 31 premolars with or without proximal caries lesions were evaluated and randomly allocated in a study unit. bitewing radiographs were acquired with a CCD XIOS XG and with the PSP VistaScan. a single x-ray unit was used for both systems. radiographic images were assessed independently by two calibrated radiologists. histological evaluation on a stereomicroscope was used as gold standard. results: sensitivity values were found to be 0.35 for CCD and 0.31 for PSP. specificity values were found to be similar for both systems (0.867). az values showed a low diagnostic accuracy for both sensors: 0.61 for CCD and 0.59 for PSP, no statistical difference was found between these two values (p=0.78). conclusion: both digital radiology systems have a high diagnostic accuracy to detect sound surfaces but low diagnostic accuracy to detect proximal carious lesions.

Accuracy of visual and image-based ICDAS criteria compared with a micro-CT gold standard for caries detection on occlusal surfaces

Abstract The aim of this study was to check the in vitro accuracy of ICDAS criteria on digital images compared to visual examination for the diagnosis of occlusal caries against a micro-CT gold standard. ICDAS was scored in 40 extracted permanent molars by means of visual inspection and stereomicroscopic images. Visual examinations were performed in duplicate and at a one-week interval by three different calibrated examiners. The analysis of digital images by ICDAS criteria was also performed in duplicate, 1 month after visual examinations. The detection methods were compared by means of sensitivity, specificity, area under the curve, predictive positive and negative values, and accuracy for two different thresholds (1- sound vs. carious teeth; 2- tooth requiring operative vs. non-operative treatment). Sensitivity and accuracy values for threshold 1 in the visual ICDAS and image-based ICDAS methods were high for sensitivity (0.93 and 0.97) and for accuracy (0.83 and 0.85), but low for specificity (0.55 for both methods). Specificity values for threshold 2 were 0.77 and 0.82, while sensitivity was 0.33 and 0.28 for each method. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was 0.53 and 0.43 (p<0.05) for visual and image-based ICDAS compared to the gold standard scores. Both visual and image-based ICDAS scores were similar to each other in terms of diagnostic accuracy when compared to the micro-CT gold standard. Low specificity for the presence of caries and sensitivity for the detection of caries requiring operative treatment were found.

Effect of Clinical Experience on Accuracy and Reliability of Radiographic Caries Detection / Efecto de la Experiencia Clínica en la Precisión y Concordancia de Detección de Caries en Radiografías

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy and interobserver reliability of examiners with different levels of clinical experience, when diagnosing radiographic proximal caries lesions. Bitewing radiographs were selected from a patient attending Operative Dentistry Clinic, Universidad de Chile. Radiographic examination was performed by three different groups: A: third year dentistry students, B: fourth year dentistry students, and C: dentist recently graduated. Thirty-two proximal surfaces were scored as: 0, sound; 1: enamel caries; and 2: dentinal caries. The data were analysed and accuracy and interexaminer reliability were calculated. Accuracy values for enamel caries were: A (0.54), B (0.55) and C (0.58), and dentinal caries were: A (0.55), B (0.61) and C (0.63). Interexaminer reliability denoted marginal agreement for all groups, A (0.249), B (0.213) and C (0.282) for enamel caries and A (0.058), B (0.102), and C (0.344) for dentinal caries. The results of this study indicate that the accuracy and interexaminer reliability of bitewing radiographic examination were influenced by the clinical experience when detecting radiographic proximal caries, however low values of accuracy and interexaminer reliability were noted, reinforcing the necessity of improving education and training in radiographic caries detection.

RESUMEN:El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la precisión y concordancia entre examinadores con distinto nivel de experiencia clínica, al diagnosticar lesiones de caries proximales en radiografías. Un set de radiografías bitewing fue seleccionado de un paciente que acudió a la Clínica de Operatoria de la Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile. El examen radiográfico fue realizado por tres grupos distintos: A: estudiantes de Odontología de tercer año, B: estudiantes de Odontología de cuarto año, y C: dentistas recientemente graduados. Treinta y dos superficies proximales fueron analizadas y evaluadas como: 0, sana; 1: lesión de caries de esmalte, 2: lesión de caries dentinaria. Los datos obtenidos fueron analizados y la precisión y concordancia entre examinadores fueron calculadas. Los valores de precisión en lesiones de esmalte fueron: A (0,54), B (0,55) y C (0,58), y para lesiones dentinarias fueron: A (0,55), B (0,61) y C (0,63). La concordancia entre examinadores denotó ser marginal para todos los grupos, A (0,249), B (0,213) y C (0,282) en lesiones de esmalte y A (0,058), B (0,102), y C (0,344) en lesiones dentinarias. Los resultados de este estudio indican que la precisión y la concordancia entre examinadores está influenciada por la experiencia clínica, sin embargo los valores encontrados fueron bajos, lo que refuerza la necesidad de mejorar la educación y entrenamiento en detección de lesiones de caries en radiografías

Caries progression in non-cavitated fissures after infiltrant application: a 3-year follow-up of a randomized controlled clinical trial

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the efficacy of a conservative treatment to prevent the progression of caries using an infiltrant on non-cavitated pit and fissures. Material and Methods This controlled clinical trial selected 23 volunteers with clinically and radiographically non-cavitated occlusal caries among patients presenting a "rather low" to "very high" caries risk. Eighty-six teeth were randomly divided into two experimental groups: teeth receiving a commercial pit-and-fissure sealant (Alpha Seal-DFL) and contralateral teeth receiving Icon infiltrant (DMG). Caries progression was monitored by clinical (laser fluorescence caries detection) and radiographic examination at 12-month intervals over a period of 3 years of monitored caries progression. Probing the sealing materials to detect areas of retention was also used to evaluate marginal integrity. Results Statistical analysis showed no difference in caries progression using laser fluorescence caries detection when both materials were compared, regardless of the evaluation times (p>0.05). No significance was observed when the marginal sealant integrity of both materials was compared, regardless of the evaluation time (p<0.05). Marginal integrity significantly reduced after 1 year for both materials (p<0.05), but remained stable after 2 and 3 years of evaluation, compared with 1-year results (p>0.05). SEM analysis exhibited a more homogeneous sealing for the infiltrant than obtained by the sealant. Conclusions The infiltrant was effective to prevent the caries progression in non-cavitated pit-and-fissures after 3 years of clinical evaluation, comparable with the conventional sealant. The infiltrant also presented better results in terms of caries progression at the 3-year evaluation time using the radiographic analysis.

A randomized clinical trial on the sealing of occlusal carious lesions: 3-4-year results

Abstract This randomized clinical trial aimed to assess the efficacy of sealing occlusal carious lesions in permanent teeth. The sample consisted of 54 occlusal carious lesions in permanent molars and premolars of 49 patients aged 8–43 years (median: 19 years). The inclusion criteria comprised the presence of a cavity with no access allowing biofilm control. The maximum depth of the lesion was the middle third of the dentin thickness, as assessed by bitewing radiography. The teeth were randomly assigned to sealant treatment (n = 28) or restorative treatment (n = 26). Clinical and radiographic examinations were performed after 1 year and after 3–4 years. The outcomes depended on the clinical performance of the sealant/restoration and the control of caries progression observed radiographically. Survival analysis was performed to assess success rates. Over the 3-4 years of monitoring, 2 sealants were totally lost, 1 needed repair, and 1 showed caries progression, totaling 4 failures in the sealant group. In the restoration group, 1 failure was observed (in need of repair). The success rates were 76% and 94% in the sealant and the restoration groups, respectively (p > 0.05). The sealing of occlusal carious lesions in permanent teeth succeeded in controlling caries over a 3–4-year period. However, sealed carious lesions require patient compliance in attending regular follow-ups to control the occurrence of clinical failures of the sealants.

Detection of proximal caries using digital radiographic systems with different resolutions.

Background: Dental radiography is an important tool for detection of caries and digital radiography is the latest advancement in this regard. Spatial resolution is a characteristic of digital receptors used for describing the quality of images. Aim: This study was aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of two digital radiographic systems with three different resolutions for detection of noncavitated proximal caries. Settings and Design: Diagnostic accuracy. Materials and Methods: Seventy premolar teeth were mounted in 14 gypsum blocks. Digora® Optime and RVG Access were used for obtaining digital radiographs. Six observers evaluated the proximal surfaces in radiographs for each resolution in order to determine the depth of caries based on a 4‑point scale. The teeth were then histologically sectioned, and the results of histologic analysis were considered as the gold standard. Data were entered using SPSS version 18 software and the Kruskal–Wallis test was used for data analysis. P <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: No significant difference was found between different resolutions for detection of proximal caries (P > 0.05). RVG access system had the highest specificity (87.7%) and Digora® Optime at high resolution had the lowest specificity (84.2%). Furthermore, Digora® Optime had higher sensitivity for detection of caries exceeding outer half of enamel. Judgment of oral radiologists for detection of the depth of caries had higher reliability than that of restorative dentistry specialists. Conclusion: The three resolutions of Digora® Optime and RVG access had similar accuracy in detection of noncavitated proximal caries.

In vitro performance of a pen-type laser fluorescence device and bitewing radiographs for approximal caries detection in permanent and primary teeth.

Aim: To evaluate the performance of a pen‑type laser fluorescence device (DIAGNOdent 2190; LFpen, KaVo, Germany) and bitewing radiographs (BW) for approximal caries detection in permanent and primary teeth. Materials and Methods: A total of 246 anterior approximal surfaces (102 permanent and 144 primary) were selected. Contact points were simulated using sound teeth. Two examiners assessed all approximal surfaces using LFpen and BW. The teeth were histologically assessed for the reference standard. Optimal cut‑off limits were calculated for LFpen for primary and permanent teeth. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (Az) were calculated for D1 (enamel and dentin lesions) and D3 (dentin lesions) thresholds. The reproducibility was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Cohen’s weighted kappa values. Results: For permanent teeth, the LFpen cut‑off were 0–27 (sound), 28–33 (enamel caries) and >33 (dentin caries). For primary teeth, the LFpen cut‑off were 0–7 (sound), 8–32 (enamel caries) and >32 (dentin caries). The LFpen presented higher sensitivity values than BW for primary teeth (0.58 vs. 0.32 at D1 and 0.80 vs. 0.47 at D3) and permanent teeth (0.80 vs. 0.57 at D1 and 0.94 vs. 0.51 at D3). Specificity did not show a significant difference between the methods. Rank correlations with histology were 0.59 and 0.83 (LFpen) and 0.36 and 0.70 (BW) for primary and permanent teeth, respectively, considering all lesions. ICC values for LFpen were 0.71 (inter) and 0.86 (intra) for permanent teeth and 0.94 (inter) and 0.90/0.99 for primary teeth. Kappa values for BW were 0.69 (inter) and 0.68/0.90 (intra) for permanent teeth and 0.64 (inter) and 0.89/0.89 for primary teeth. Conclusion: LFpen presented better reproducibility for primary and permanent teeth and higher accuracy in detecting caries lesions at D1 threshold than BW for permanent teeth. LFpen should be used as an adjunct method for approximal caries detection.

Métodos de detecção de cárie / Methods of caries detection

A Odontologia contemporânea não deve restringir-se a identificar cavidades, mas, também, despertar para um diagnóstico precoce das lesões cariosas iniciais. Os mais diversos e modernos métodos de detecção de cárie vêm sendo desenvolvidos com objetivo de tornar mais preciso o diagnóstico de cárie dental. Os métodos de detecção mais utilizados são os convencionais, porém a associação dos métodos proporciona melhores resultados ao exame clínico tradicional isolado. Este estudo teve como propósito a revisão de literatura sobre os métodos de detecção da doença cárie disponíveis atualmente, baseados nos métodos radiográficos, fluorescência a laser e corrente elétrica.

The contemporary Odontology cannot be restricted to just identify cavities, but must be interested in an early diagnosis of caries lesions. Varied and modern methods of caries detection are being developed, aiming to turn the diagnosis of dental caries more accurate. The conventional methods are most used for detection, however, the association of methods offer better results to the clinician. The purpose of this paper was to do a literature review and to compare the methods of caries detection, based on radiographic methods, laser fluorescence and electric chain.